One of the American film institutes great actress Elizabeth Taylor (1961) was most famous victim of BCC. Her cancer is diagnosed in 2002.

Although BCC is by far the most frequent type of skin cancer, the skin can also be the site of a large variety of malignant neoplasms. Other types of malignant disease include Squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, Kaposi’s sarcoma, extramammary Paget’s disease, apocrine carcinoma of the skin, and metastatic malignancies from various primary sites.

How Basal Cell Carcinoma develops in epidermis of skin

The epidermis has multiple layers, repeated exposure to the sunlight can cause DNA mutations in the deepest layer Stratum Basalis. This resolves at the abnormal growth in the epidermis is basal cell carcinoma.

Most basal cell carcinoma are shown up to the places which are repeated exposed to the sun such as face, neck, shoulder and back. Other growth can vary in appearance.

The most common type of basal cell carcinoma is Nodular Basal cell carcinoma usually resembles a smooth round pimple.  Pale yellow or grey in color, Nodular tumor may bred after the injury.

Pigmented basal cell carcinoma is similar to Nodular basal cell carcinoma but it is more likely to appear in people with dark har and dark eyes. These growth are brown or black in color.

A less common type of basal cell carcinoma is Superficial Basal cell carcinoma is known for slow spread across the skin. Superficial basal cell carcinoma tumors has slightly crusted surfaces.

Another uncommon basal cell carcinoma is Sclerosing basal cell carcinoma, this type of growth often resembles a scar  and can be in yellow and white in color. Usually Sclerosing BCC grows quickly.

Additional Rare forms of Basal cell carcinoma includes Fibroepithelioma – reddish the regions that appears on the back and Cystic Basal cell carcinoma.

Basal cell carcinoma tumors can very greatly informed so its imperative that you can get your skin check regularly by a dermatologist.

The best way to avoid these consequences is to avoid the sun. Like 90% of skin cancer SCC are most arises from more exposure to the sun’s harmful ultra violet rays. Chronic sun exposure is the only is in the only factor that likely to develop Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Unlike the other type of skin cancer, Squamous Cell Carcinoma can arise from chronically scar or inflamed skin.

The human Paoillomavirus (HPV) which ofter causes wroth can also lead to Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

People with weakest immune system have higher risk of developing Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Possible causes of weak immune system includes HIV virus.

As the other skin cancer, people having fair skin, light hair, and blue and green eyes have higher risk of developing Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Many doctor believe family history of the disease or personal history of any cancer can also be factor.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma crops us frequently in male population over 40. So, all the men should get checkup their skin for signs of cancer.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma develops from keratinocytes, the tough wall cells that make up 90% of the skin’s outer layer. Years of sun damage can cause these cells to change the size and shape.

Often Squamous Cell Carcinoma appears first as rough scaly patches on the skin, these regions known as actinic keratoses.

A typical Squamous Cell Carcinoma manifest itself as a new or engarging tumor that is thick and rough. Most tumors emerge on head and neck, although any skin can be affected. If left untreated Squamous Cell Carcinoma can spread to vital organs and leads to death.

Cause of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Macroscopic examination shows a yellowish, a multilobular tumor in the kidney cortex with many areas of necrosis, hemorrhage and scarring.

In light microscopic examination shows that the tumor cells tend strands, papillae, tubular structures or to form nests. The cells themselves are atypical, polygonal and size. Because the cell glycogen and lipid storage in the cytoplasm they look clear, the nuclei remain central in the cell, the cell membrane is clearly visible. Some cells look smaller with eosinophilic cytoplasm and resemble normal tubule. The stroma is reduced, but vacuolated. The tumor pressing on the surrounding parenchyma and forms a pseudo-capsule.

Because the tumor often vasoactive substances produces hypertension may occur, production of erythropoietin does polycythemia (increase in red blood cells).

Symptoms of Renal Cell Carcinoma

The classic triad of renal cell carcinoma is haematuria (blood in urine), flank pain and a palpable mass in the abdomen. It is also known as the ‘too-late triad’ because when these symptoms occur the disease is often too far advanced for it to heal. It is this triad is highly suggestive of renal cell cancer, but it is only in 15% of the cases actually. Most kidney cancers are now found by chance in making graphics for other reasons.

Symptoms:

• Abnormal urine color (dark, brown or rust-colored) by haematuria (60% of cases)
• Flank pain (40% of cases)
• Palpable mass in the abdomen (25%)
• Malaise, weight loss or decreased appetite (30%)
• Polycythemie (5%)
• Anemia by erythropoietin deficiency (5%)
• Metastases by symptoms such as pathological fractures of the hip by a bone metastasis
• Varicocele, stowage of a testicle, usually left by obstruction of the flow of the v. tesicularis artery into the left renal vein with tumor ingrowth in it (usually right flows from the vein into the inferior vena cava)
• Difficulty in seeing
• Paleness or plethora (remarkably enhanced color, blush)
• Hirsutism (excessive hair growth), particularly evident in women
• Constipation
• Hypertension (high blood pressure) by production of renin by the tumor (30% of cases)
• Hypercalcemia (elevated calcium levels in the blood)
• Paraneoplastic disorders (disorders elsewhere in the body caused by substances that are secreted by the tumor.

Risk Factors of Renal Cell Carcinoma

The strongest risk factors are cigarette smoking and obesity. Others include hypertension and a family history of the disease. Dialysis patients with acquired polycystic kidney disease have a 30 times greater risk of renal cell cancer than the healthy population. Exposure to asbestos, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and diesel has not been conclusively proven to be a risk factor. Also, patients with certain inherited diseases, such as disease, Von Hippel-Lindau, hereditary papillary renal carcinoma, a hereditary form of the leimyoom RCC syndrome and the syndrome of Birt-Hogg-Dube have a higher risk of renal cell cancer development.

Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

If the tumor is located only in the kidney (40% of cases) can, in 90% of cases, complete recovery will be achieved by operating. If dissemination is usually via the lymph nodes or has niervene adjuvant therapy, often by surgical removal of tumors.

Controlling wait

Smaller tumors (<4cm) are increasingly treated by partial nephrectomy. usually exhibit these tumors very innocent behavior with an excellent prognosis. Centers significant run first needle biopsy before one proceeds to surgery. The smaller tumors, especially in the elderly, those with comorbidity and those in poor condition, unaffected, but carefully and regularly displayed. Only from a size of 3-5 cm, the risk of spread to about 5%.

Surgery

Surgical removal of all or a portion of the kidney is recommended. It will be necessary if the adrenal gland, retroperitoneal lymph nodes and possibly the surrounding tissues removed if they are affected by the tumor. In cases where the tumor has grown into the niervene, the inferior vena cava or right atrium is also this part of the tumor removed. In the case of metastases, there are indications that the removal of the kidney (cytoreductive nephrectomy) may increase the period of survival. This also applies for the removal of a single metastasis. Before surgery, the kidney often embolised for blood loss during surgery to decrease. Increasingly, the surgery laparoscopically performed. This technique is less stressful for the patient and has the same disease-free survival as the “open” technique.

Percutaneous Therapy

Percutaneous, image-guided treatments are usually performed by the radiologist, usually in patients who can not handle a normal operation. This treatment involves a probe inserted guided by Echo, CT or MRI (real time) to probe and tumor together. The tumor is then destroyed by heat (radiofrequency ablation) or cold. The disadvantage of this treatment is that no pathological examination can be done to see if the tumor is removed radically. This requires that the patient long followed.

Hemotherapy

The most common chemotherapy are ineffective in renal cell cancer and are therefore not recommended for use.

Vaccines

Cancer vaccines as Tro Vax have shown promising results in the treatment of renal cell cancer in phase 2 trials. Problems and immunosuppression by the tumor and the lack of identified tumor antigens must first be resolved before this treatment on a large scale can be used in renal cell cancer.

Cryoablation

This involves using freezing to destroy the tumor without surgery. This technique can be 95% of the tumor removal and treatment is well tolerated even by patients in worse condition.

Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinoma

The outcome of treatment depends on the size of the tumor, whether it is limited to the kidney or not, and the presence or absence of metastases. Five year survival for tumors smaller than 4 cm 90-95%. For larger tumors that are still in the kidney, without vascular invasion by 80-85% is still relatively good. Invasion into the surrounding tissue ensures survival of around 60%.

Cause of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) contribute to the development of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. In 2008, a new virus which is possibly the emergence of Merkel Cell Carcinoma would help. The virus was Merkel cell polyomavirus mentioned. However, it was also found in healthy skin. The exact relationship is unclear.

Histology of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Merkel Cell Carcinoma is a microscopically small cell carcinoma, poorly differentiated, consists of small cells (slightly larger than lymphocytes), with a scanty cytoplasm, round nuclei with fine chromatin. Numerous figures are divisions mitotic cells, apoptotic and bonfires necrosis. The stroma is a lot of capillaries. In preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin staining conglomerates are intermediate filaments in the form of spheres near the poles of the cell nucleus (called IF Bodies), diagnostic for this type of cancer. Histologically, there are three types of MCC:

• trabecular
• intermediate
• small cell

Treatment of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

The therapeutic management depends on the stage of the evolution of cancer at diagnosis. It is therefore necessary to perform an assessment of the extent of the disease.

Stages I and II, we practice a resection of the lesion surgically passing very off or with margins of 3 cm (above the levels practiced in cases of melanoma). The radiation therapy reduces the incidence of local recurrence local nine, and even seems as good a partner with surgery alone 10. It combines conventional radiotherapy in case of cottages node micro-metastases in the sentinel lymph node examination, but the evidence in terms of improved survival is lacking.

Stage III with lymph node involvement proved, is practiced excision of the lesion and it associates with lymph node dissection. This surgery is completed by radiotherapy Site node. If it is a recurrence, chemotherapy is discussed, according to the patient’s general condition.

In stage IV, can be found metastases in the liver, bone, lung, brain or skin. The treatment is then palliative combination chemotherapy and radio. Surgical excision of a solitary metastasis is possible.

Prognosis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma

The prognosis of this cancer is quite dark: it is currently considered more reserved than in the case of melanoma. There are 4 stages in the evolution of the disease:

Stage I: primary lesion less than 2 cm,
Stage II: primary lesion greater than 2 cm,
Stage III: presence of lymph node metastasis,
Stage IV: presence of metastasis at a distance.

Patients free of lymph node lesions have a higher 5-year survival exceeds 80% but this rate is below 50% in case of lymph node involvement. The technique of identifying the sentinel node 7 has clouded the prognosis: the risk of relapse is 60% within 3 years in the presence of micrometastases nodes, while only 20% in the absence of micro metastasis. Rare cases of spontaneous regression by apoptosis of tumor cells have been described.

Its not really known why Adenocarcinoma is more frequent in women but we recognized that there are some genetic factors that come in the play. The curious thing is why all smokers dont develop lung cancer but infact they do not.

Adenocarcinoma is caused due to different environment exposure, perhaps different hormones that women have compared to men during her life time but that’s not well understood this point.

Neuroendocrine cells do not form a specific gland, they are found distributed in a wide variety of body organs where they help regulate body function. Neuroendocrine Carcinoma represent large class of cancers that occur wherever neuroendocrine cells are found throughout the body.

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is also called as carcinoid Carcinoma. But it is considered as a sub-category of the larger family of neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrine Carcinoma are mostly found in the digestive system and the lung.

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma mainly occur in the appendix, ileum, and in the bronchi. It also occur in pancreatic region called neuroendocrine pancreatic carcinoma which is a rare form of cancer mainly occur in 1 or 2 people per 100,000.

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma occur with the equal frequency in men and women and the average age at diagnosis is of 53 years. These cells release excessive amounts of neurohormones in the blood with chemical composition that varies with location.

Unlike the other cancers that are located in any organ, the hormone-releasing action of these carcinoma causes other symptoms to appear in many other organs of the body as well. The majority of neuroendocrine tumors can give rise to metastases with time if they are left untreated.

Neuroendocrine Carcinoma is possibly under-reported because they grow at very slow rate and dont produce dramatic symptoms.

]]> http://www.aidsafrica.biz/africa/what-is-neuroendocrine-carcinoma/feed/ 0 http://www.aidsafrica.biz/africa/what-is-bronchogenic-carcinoma/ http://www.aidsafrica.biz/africa/what-is-bronchogenic-carcinoma/#comments Sat, 18 Feb 2012 18:26:43 +0000 admin http://www.aidsafrica.biz/africa/what-is-bronchogenic-carcinoma/ Bronchogenic Carcinoma is also known as lung cancer. Lung cancer is totally different from breast cancer, it occurs in both male and females. Bronchogenic Carcinoma mainly occur in males as because the tendency of smoking is more in males than in females.

Persons who are non-smokers have low risk of having lung cancer. There are 4 major cellular types of Bronchogenic Carcinoma. They are squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

Symptoms for detecting Bronchogenic Carcinoma:

• Cough
• Cough with blood
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• Hoarseness
• Appetite loss
• Weight loss

Risk factors of Bronchogenic Carcinoma:

• Cigarette smoking
• Asbestos
• Heavy metal
• Chloromethyl ether
• Radiation exposure

How to get prevented from Bronchogenic Carcinoma

Quitting smoking will surely lowers the risk of developing lung cancer.  There are many options are available for quitting smoking, including nicotine patches, nicotine gum, etc.

Transitional Cells are the cells that are inside lining of bladder and apart of kidney is called the renal pelvis. So, in these particular cells become cancerous and known as Transitional Cell Carcinoma.

Symptoms of Transitional Cell Carcinoma are very few. Typically, the most common presenting symptom will be blood in urine and as the disease get more advanced you may have low back pain, pelvic pain,  or weight loss. Other symptom commonly associated with cancers.

Treatment

To identify this cancer is possible depending on the exact location and the stage of disease and whether it is not spread to other tissue organs that would determine the what kind of treatment works for you.

As with many cancers, the treatment may be combination of different kind of surgical techniques, chemotherapy and radiations. Sometimes certain bacteria is injected in human bladder which may stimulate the neuron response.

How to prevent from happening of Transitional Cell Carcinoma

There are certain factors, like a cigarette smoker. So, if you are a smoker, one more reason to stop smoking. There are also certain chemicals like chemicals used in plastics.

Symptoms of Invasive lobular carcinoma:

• Particular area of thickening in part of the breast
• Particular area of fullness or swelling in the breast
• Change in the texture or appearance of the skin overlying the breast
• Inward-turning nipple

Causes of Invasive lobular carcinoma:

• Early menarche
• Late menopause
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Family history

Treatments of Invasive lobular carcinoma:

Invasive lobular carcinoma is removed by surgery and additional therapy, which may include chemotherapy, radiation and hormone therapy.

Primary extrapulmonary SCC has been reported in various organs, including the pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, salivary glands, pancreas, skin, breast, cervix, vagina, kidneys, ureters, prostate and urinary bladder. As with SCC of pulmonary origin, primary extrapulmonary SCC is characterized by rapid progression to metastatic disease.

Primary extrapulmonary SCC shares similar microscopic and immunohistochemical features with pulmonary SCC. SCC of the urinary bladder was first described by Koss in 1975. It is thought to account for 0.5–0.7% of primary bladder tumours. A multi-institutional review of 3778 consecutive patients diagnosed with a primary bladder malignancy revealed 18 cases of SCC (0.48%).

Holmang et al. reported five cases of SCC among 691 patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer who were prospectively registered in Western Sweden over a 2-year period (0.7%). To our knowledge, 286 cases of SCC of the bladder have been reported in English-language publications.

Unfortunately, information about the clinical and pathological stage at diagnosis, the treatment and outcomes of many of these patients is incomplete. The aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge about SCC of the urinary bladder. As the treatment of SCC of the bladder may differ from that of TCC it is incumbent on the urologist to be aware of the differences and the need to establish the diagnosis before initiating treatment.